Futured and Futureless Languages:

Futured Languages: These languages like English, distinguish between the past, present and future. e.g. IF THE BOY GETS THE MONEY, HE WILL BUY A PRESENT FOR THE GIRL.

Futureless Languages:  These languages like Chinese, use the same phrasing to describe the events of yesterday, today and tomorrow. e.g. IF THE BOY GET THE MONEY,  HE BUY A PRESENT FOR THE GIRL. (ofcourse said in Chinese )

It is found that huge economic differences accompany this linguistic discrepancy. Futureless language speakers are 30 percent more likely to report having saved in any given year than futured language speakers. (This amounts to 25 percent more savings by retirement, if income is held constant.) When we speak about the future as more distinct from the present, it feels more distant — and we’re less motivated to save money now in favor of monetary comfort years down the line.

So, Now the question arises: Did the culture and way of thinking of the community inform the language they created or does the language they use create the way of thinking?

To answer it, Both co-construct each other equally. People create a language as a tool and that tool begins to shape them. As a professor of communication studies I don’t think you can separate notions of culture and language, they are intertwined together.

But that’s only the beginning. There’s a wide field of research on the link between language and both psychology and behavior.

So, The moral of the article is keep speaking in the way in which you want to mould your personality. Your personality is the reflection of the way you use to speak.

Five Common Grammar Mistakes People Make

Grammar mistake number one: If you are an American writer or want to be published in an American magazine, then the rule is periods and commas always go inside the quotation marks with only a couple of exceptions. (This rule does not apply to any other punctuation marks.)
Wrong: I rode in his "truck".
Correct: I rode in his "truck."
Wrong: We named the dog "Ralph", but he doesn't respond to it.
Correct: We named the dog "Ralph," but he doesn't respond to it.
The exceptions:
In certain scholarly and science disciplines this rule does not apply. The British do not follow this rule, either.
For letters and numbers, periods and commas go outside the quotation marks:
Go to gate "5". However: Go to gate "five."
He can't pronounce "w".
He went to gate "5", but no one was there.
We ought to teach him how to pronounce "w", but it's unknown how.
 
Grammar mistake number two: Me and my boyfriend went to the beach, is incorrect. You wouldn't say, Me went to the beach, so why say, Me and my boyfriend.... A way to correct this is to put the person you did whatever with first. It becomes harder to say, My boyfriend and me went to the beach, because when you say, ...me went to the beach, it won't sound right and you will automatically think, I went to the beach. Then you will say it correctly. My boyfriend and I went to the beach. (Me and (whoever)... is gaining more and more acceptance and may someday be considered proper grammar.)
 
Grammar mistake number three: There is no such word as alot. This may come about in the future since a lot of people use it, but right now, you won't find it in the dictionary. Nor will you find its'. Its is the possessive form of it. It's is the contraction of it is or it has and any other use is wrong.
 
Grammar mistake number four: Never place a comma or period after an explanation point or question mark.
Wrong: He asked, "Can I go, too?".
Wrong: He asked, "Can I go, too?."
Wrong: "Can I go, too?", he asked.
Correct: He asked, "Can I go, too?"
Correct: "Can I go, too?" he asked.
Wrong: "I want to go!", he exclaimed.
Wrong: He exclaimed, "I want to go!".
Correct: "I want to go!" he exclaimed.
Correct: He exclaimed, "I want to go!"
 
Grammar mistake number five: Lie, lay, lain, laid or lied? This one confuses many people. Here's how it breaks down.
lay--laid--laid; to place or to put
I lay my books on my bed today.
I laid my books on my bed yesterday.
I have laid my books on my bed in the past.
lie--lay--lain; to recline or to rest
I lie on my bed today.
I lay on my bed yesterday.
I have lain on my bed in the past.
lie--lied--lied; falsehood
I lie a lot.
I lied a lot yesterday.
I have lied a lot in the past.
Now you can say, "I lied when I said I lay on my bed next to the book I laid on my bed." (Translation: I told a falsehood when I said I crawled on my bed and stretched out next to the book I put on my bed.)

Sympathy Vs Empathy, Revenge Vs Avenge, Deprecate Vs Depreciate

Sympathy Vs Empathy:
   
Sympathy and empathy are separate terms with some very important distinctions. Sympathy and empathy are both acts of feeling, but with sympathy you feel for the person; you’re sorry for them or pity them, but you don’t specifically understand what they’re feeling. Sometimes we’re left with little choice but to feel sympathetic because we really can’t understand the plight or predicament of someone else. It takes imagination, work, or possibly a similar experience to get to empathy.

Empathy can best be described as feeling with the person. Notice the distinction between for and with. To an extent you are placing yourself in that person’s place, have a good sense of what they feel, and understand their feelings to a degree. It may be impossible to be fully empathetic because each individual's reactions, thoughts and feelings to tragedy are going to be unique. Yet the idea of empathy implies a much more active process. Instead of feeling sorry for, you’re sorry with and have clothed yourself in the mantle of someone else’s emotional reactions.
EXAMPLES: We felt sympathy for the team members who tried hard but were not appreciated. We felt empathy for children with asthma because we had asthma as a child, and understand their pain.

Revenge Vs Avenge:
 
 Avenge is a verb. To avenge is to punish a wrongdoing with the intent of seeing justice done. Revenge can be used as a noun or a verb. It is more personal, less concerned with justice and more about retaliation by inflicting harm.
Avenge and revenge both imply to inflict pain or harm in return for pain or harm inflicted on oneself or those persons or causes to which one feels loyalty. The two words were formerly interchangeable, but have been differentiated until they now convey widely diverse ideas. Avenge is now restricted to inflicting punishment as an act of retributive justice or as a vindication of propriety, example: to avenge a murder by bringing the criminal to trial. Revenge implies inflicting pain or harm to retaliate for real or fancied wrongs; a reflexive pronoun is often used with this verb, example: Iago wished to revenge himself upon Othello.

Deprecate Vs Depreciate:
 
The verb deprecate means to deplore, disparage, express disapproval of something.
The verb depreciate means to drop in value or to lower in estimation or esteem.
Both verbs can also mean belittle.

To depreciate means to drop in value. If you depreciate a business asset for income tax purposes, you deduct a portion of its original cost from your income over a period of several years. Depreciate also means to undervalue or speak disparagingly of. To deprecate means to censure or deplore. Self-deprecating and self-depreciating both mean self-belittling. Some commentators think that self-depreciating is the more apt term for this activity, but self-deprecating has far more currency in Canadian English. Either word is acceptable.

In essence depreciate means 'reduce in price or value.' This is the meaning it still expresses in the domain of business and finance, as when assets are depreciated by 10 percent. But the word can take on the more figurative meaning of 'represent as having little value, belittle,' and it then comes close to the extended meaning of deprecate. Deprecate is essentially 'argue against,' but by extension means 'disparage,' as in The movie star deprecated his acting talent.

To deprecate something is to condemn it as wrong in itself: We deprecate the use of public money for nonessential purposes. To depreciate something is to belittle or disparage it, even though it may not be wrong or bad in itself: They were constantly depreciating our attempts to speak Italian. This use is increasingly rare. Admittedly, self-deprecate goes a long way toward blurring the distinction, for it means "belittle yourself," not "condemn yourself"; in this sense it is well established, but it may be best regarded as the exception rather than the rule. Both words have more common synonyms: condemn, deplore, and disapprove of for deprecate, and belittle, disparage, and decry for depreciate. Depreciate is also commonly used intransitively (without an object), in financial contexts, to mean "lose value": The value of the yen has depreciated 20 percent in real terms.

Different types of doctors

1. Psychiatrist - Deals with mental health
2. Podiatrist - Foot doctor
3. Optometrist - Eye doctor
4. Dentist - Tooth doctor
5. Urologist - Deals with bladder
6. Obstetrician - Deals with pregnancy and birth
7. Pediatrician - Child doctor
8. Oncologist- Cancer doctor
9. Neurologist - Deals with the problems of Brain and nerves
10. Cardiologist - Heart doctor
11. Nephrologist -Kidney doctor
12. Rheumatologist - Deals with treatment of arthritis and other diseases of the joints, muscles and bones
13. Dermatologist - Deals with skin problems
14. Endocrinologist - Deals with the problems of thyroid and ductless glands
15. Gastrologist - Deals with digestive system problems

Pronunciation Improvement for Indians

The first language in India is Hindi, which can be said the most scientific language. Scientific language means that the words of that language are pronounced in the exact manner in which they are written, i.e. in Hindi, we speak the word exactly as described by its spelling, viz. there is no silent letters, voiced or unvoiced sounds. Moreover, Hindi is syllabic language whereas English is stressed language, which means; in Hindi we don’t emphasize any particular syllable more than others of the same word. But while speaking English the different syllables of the same word acquire different amount of stress viz. in the word “politics” the stress is given on ‘p’ whereas while speaking “political” primary stress is on ‘li’ and in “politician”, ‘ti’ acquires the primary stress. Hence the word pronunciation in English is different from Hindi. In Hindi we don’t need to bother about stress. Hence, being part of the nation in which Hindi is the first language, people face difficulties while speaking English, due to their habits in which they speak Hindi.

The problem for Indian speakers of English is that, they are not aware that English is not pronounced scientifically. I have seen many Indians in my surroundings, who pronounce English scientifically, some of the examples are, they pronounce “individual” as /indi-vidual/ in place of /in-də-‘vijwəl/, “certain” as /sərtāin/ in place of /’sər-tᵊn/, “environment” as /en-vironmеnt/ in place of /in-‘vī-rə(n)-mənt/ and necessity as /nesesiti:/ in place of /nə-sessətee/. They pronounce English word in the same way as their spelling force them to do. The thick pronunciation of /t/, /r/ makes their English to sound less like English and more like Hindi, viz. they use to give stress on /t/ every time, (irrespective when /t/ comes at end of the spelling then it is pronounced softly) e.g. in “butter”, many Indians think that the spelling tells that /t/ should be emphasized (due to double /t/) while a native American speaker will say it as /bədᵊr/ (even /t/ is much like /d/). So, to improve English communication you need to be less scientific for the pronunciation of English words. Here are some main problem areas and tips to improve them. [ American sounds: R, T and Th]

1. The pronunciation of ‘R’, ‘T’, and ‘D’ is not clear or hard to understand/distinguish:
‘T’ sounds almost like ‘D’: In some parts of American/Europe Pronunciation of‘t’ is supposed to be less crisp. It should sounds more like a‘d’ in many cases, especially between vowels. Katie is pronounced almost like KaDie, water like waDer.

‘R’ pronunciation: There are varying observations on the sound of ‘R’:
-Let the sound of R flow; don’t put too much stress on this sound especially in the middle or in the end of a word.
-Don’t totally chewing up the sound of ‘R’ in other cases. Practice the stress on this sound, and listen to how your American/English friends use it. In ‘Robert’, the stress is on first R; let the second ‘r’ flow, without any pronounced stress.

2. ‘V’ and ‘W’ sound: This is a common problem for many Asians and Europeans, so don’t take it personally. There is a clear difference between ‘w’ and ‘v’ sounds. Even though most of Indians understand the difference, the distinction is often not carried out in spoken English. Let us try this:

-For the sound of ‘v’, place lower lip gently on the upper teeth and say the word. Don’t press it hard, you should be able to exhale through, while making the sound. Most of us find this hardest to get used to.

-For ‘w’ sound, it’s a different than ‘v’, the lips are supposed to be rounded and puckered like when we say ‘u’, and with no contact between the teeth and tongue. Move your lips in the forward direction as you vocalize the sound.
-The key distinction between the w/v sound and the ‘B’ sound is the fact that the lips are closed when we start to vocalize ‘B’.

3. ‘S’ and “sh’ pronunciation: Some of the new comers have this issue. The problem is not how to make the sound what when to use what sound. Learn the difference in pronunciation.
-The difference in the sound of ‘Sue’ and ‘Shoe’ should be easy to follow.
-‘s’ as ‘s’ or as ‘z’:  ‘S’ in Sam (the sound is ‘s’), or in ‘is’ (the sound is like ‘z’).

4. ‘Th’ should not sound like ‘da’: Not a problem of speaking, but a habit. Put your tongue between your teeth to make ‘th’ sound.

5. The vowels are VERY important to pay attention to: If you are having difficulty with vowels, make sure to correct it. The long vowels are supposed to take longer to vocalize compared to the short ones.
Short vowels: rat, leg, pig, Rob, bus: Don’t park on them, move on to next sound.
Long vowels: rate, he, side, robe, tune: Hang in there, don’t rush.

6. Not too fast or too slow: Speak slowly, but not too slow. The right pace comes with practice. Don’t chew up the words by going too fast.

7. Open the mouth properly while speaking: Let the sound come out properly while speaking. Don’t speak through the teeth or with half open mouth.

8. Syllable stress matters: Understand which parts of a word should take the stress and which ones not. This comes with listening and practicing. [Intonation]

9. Practice is a must: A regular practice- over and over- is very helpful. The best way to get rid of so-called ‘thick accent’ is by speaking and imitating local (American or English) style and slang. A few ways to practice are:
- Speak out loud, speak out often, and as much as possible
- Practice in front of a mirror, or with a friend. Make a game out of it.
- Watch TV to get exposure to the local dialects and speech mannerism.
- Record your audio, listen to it, and then practice to improve the pronunciation.
- Avoid false or fake accent [More tips for Indian Speakers]

Another problem is pronunciation of article “the”. Many Indians don’t know the rule for pronouncing “the”; they either speak it as /ðə/ or as /ði/ irrespective of the sound followed by it. The rule is when “the” is followed by a vowel then it is pronounced as /ði/ and when followed by consonant then pronounced as /ðə/. If you have listened the Hindi song Tera hone laga hun..from [ Ajab Prem ki Gajab Kahani], then you can easily memorize this rule from the very first line of the song “ Shining in the /ðə/ setting sun, like pearl upon the /ði/ ocean, come and feel me..”

 

Many Indians do not distinguish between /o/ and /ō/, /e/ and /æ/ viz. the /o/ sound of “plot” /plot/and “load” /lōd/ seems similar to them. Similarly, they pronounce /e/ sound in “then” /ðen/ and “than” /ðan/ with no difference.

At last, the main problem is the avoidance towards improving English pronunciation. Many people are not aware of the necessity for the good English communication. Personally, I have seen many students who are very good at many fields of studies, but while public speaking; they stammer and come out to be unable to make the audience clear about their ideas. So, it’s the advice to consider the importance of good English communication.

How to pronounce verbs ending with ''-ed ''

The English verb ending -ed is a curious construction.
The suffix -ed is the sign of the past tense. That is, most English verbs form their past tenses by adding -ed. For example, walk/walked, love/loved, sneeze/sneezed. The same ending marks the simple past tense and the perfect: Yesterday I walked. I have walked for hours.
In earlier periods, English verbs presented more variety in the way they formed the simple past and the past participle. A few of the older forms survive in what the grammar books call “irregular” verbs. These verbs do not form their past tenses by adding -ed:
sing sang (have) sung
give gave (have) given
write wrote (have) written
These “irregular” verbs are sometimes called “strong” verbs. Once very numerous in English, only a few survive–fewer than 70. Many of them, like help, became -ed verbs long ago so we no longer say holp or holpen. Some of the survivors, like wake and dive, are in the process of changing and the old and new forms are both in use:
He woke the baby. or He waked the baby.
He dove from the top board. or He dived into the pool.

You may have noticed that in English, past tense verbs with an -ed ending are pronounced in three different ways: 

• [t]
• [d] or 
• [Id].

For example, if I say the past tense verb “walked“, as in, “I walked away,” what is the last sound that you hear in the verb?

• “Walked” [wakt]

1) The -ed verb ending sounds like a [t], “Walked” [wakt], even though it ends in the letter “d”.

What do you hear when I say:

• “smelled“, as in, “it smelled bad.”

2) The -ed verb ending sounds like a [d]: “smelled” [smeld]

And when I say, “visited”, as in “I visited New York City”, how did I pronounce  that “-ed” ending?

• [Id] [vizitid].

3) The -ed verb ending sounds like [ɪd], [vizitid].

So, Here I give the three rules that explain the differences in past tense verb ‘-ed’ pronunciation. But don’t be surprised if most Americans can’t explain these rules to you! The truth is, Americans make these changes in sound without even noticing. Rules presented here are only for non native speakers, as they learn english as a second language. To clarify this point, ask yourself  How many rules have you learnt to be proficient in your mothertongue ? The answer is obvious , No rule. Why ? because, you are surrounded by the speakers of your own language. But being physically present in an area where you are not getting the environment, in which you can surround yourself with native speakers, you must know the key rules to be efficient speaker. So, Here we go .

Intro | Why the Sound Changes

Place your fingertips on the front of your neck, and pronounce the following words. What do you feel on your fingers when you say the underlined sound?

• vow | fake (vvv | fff)
• zebra | snake (zzz | sss)

– When we pronounce voiced sounds, our vocal chords vibrate when we say those sounds. [v] [z]. Did you feel the vibration? 

– When we pronounce voiceless sounds, our vocal chords do not vibrate. [f] [s]. No vibration. 

This vibration or lack of vibration then carries forward to the following sound in the word. Therefore, this vibration or lack of vibration explains why we pronounce the past tense of verbs in three voiced or voiceless ways: [t], [d] or [Id].

1) [t] final sound

Verbs ending in voiceless sounds [p, k, θ, f, s, ʃ, tʃ] cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as the voiceless [t] (with no vocal chord vibration).

•  [p] “He popped a balloon.” [papt]
• [k] “They talked a lot” [takt]
• [θ] “th”: “She frothed a cup of milk” [frawθt]
• [f] “I laughed at the movie.” [læft]
• [s] “She kissed a frog.” [kIst]
• [ʃ] “sh”: “We brushed it off.” [bruʃt]
• [tʃ] “ch”: “I reached around for it.” [riytʃt]

2) [d] final sound

Verbs ending in the voiced sounds [b, g, ð, v, z, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, r, l] cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as a voiced [d].

•  [b] “It bobbed up and down.” [babd]
• [g] “He begged her to stay.” [bɛgd]
• [ð] “She breathed loudly.” [briyðd]
• [v] “They loved it.” [luvd]
• [z] “We raised her expectations.” [reyzd]
• [dʒ] “They bridged the gap.” [brIdʒd]
• [m] “I claimed it was mine.” [kleymd]
• [n] “They banned new members.” [bænd]
• [ŋ] “She banged into the chair.” [bæŋd]
• [r] “He cleared it up.” [kliyrd]
• [l] “I rolled up the paper.” [rowld]

3) [əd] or [ɪd] final sound

Verbs ending in the sounds [t] or [d] will cause the “-ed” ending of a verb to be pronounced as the syllable [əd] or [ɪd].

•  [t] “I visited the Empire State Building.” [vɪzɪtəd]
• [t] “She edited the research paper.” [ɛdɪtɪd]
• [d] “We ended the game early.” [ɛndɪd]
• [d] “He breaded the chicken.” [brɛdɪd]

Why are these rules important?

Connected Speech [c+v]

These “-ed” pronunciation rules are particularly important, because in English we connect [ see more about word connection] our speech when we have a word that:

• ends in a consonant; and
• is followed by a word that begins with a vowel.

In this case, the way you say the verb’s “-ed” ending will be heard loudly and clearly.

Example

• “He walked away”  [walkt] –> “He walk taway” [hiy WAWK təWEY]

Did you hear that [t] in “walked” clearly?  

H-Deletion

The same rule of connected speech [c+v] occurs when h-deletion causes us to delete the “h” sound at the beginning of a word.

Example

• “We raised her expectations” [reyzd] –> ”We raizd her expectations” –> “We raizdər expectations”

We deleted the “h” in “her”, then connected the speech from “raised” and “her”, which became “raisder”.